Reducing The Military Essays (385 words) - Defense, Military

Reducing The Military With the end of the Cold War Americas armed forces are too large and expensive to maintain while in an era of peace. The roles of the military has changed, and the United States has come to the conclusion that military might no longer means having the larger force. Politicians have initiated the closure of bases, the reduced production by defense contractors, the decrease in military and civilian personnel. The actions taken to reduce the military has left dwindling numbers, and this must be changed to ensure that the U.S. military continues to be a mighty super power. The idea of a smaller military was not even considered during the Cold War, but today the treat to America is at a all-time low. This has sparked politicians to restructure the forces and reduce the spending needed to maintain those forces. These reductions are based on the budget spending what is not cost effective to the U.S. and the public. The cost cutting needs to be done, without too large of an effect on the employed personnel, whether military or civilian (ORourke, 2). Though the reductions in the forces still needs to be made, careful monitoring of the amounts of The reductions in personnel have gone past the recommended limit set Congress, and have created a greater need for personnel. If a conflict were to happen to day, the U.S. could only send four heavy divisions, compared to the seven sent during the Gulf War. This greatly decreases Americas ability to thwart an attack from several different countries at one time. This idea of sustaining several conflicts at one time has been a major Because the U.S. is the last great superpower, it is a very large target, and when involvement is needed to aid others the forces are diminished the ability to be an effective deterrent. Analysts have seen an increased demand for the continued policing actions that the U.S. plays a major part in. Congress has also cut spending on defense technology, which has caused defense contractors to make cutbacks in employees. 1.3 million jobs have been cut since the employment peak of 1987. This has caused increased inflation, and has hurt the economy of United States. Reconstruction of the spending on the technology needs to equally dispersed through the market to even out jobs for all defense companies. Politics Essays

Awakening essays

Awakening essays The Awakening was a self description of Edna Pontellier. Edna went through a major transformation period during the book. Edna went from a being a housewife who was obedient to a strong independent woman with emotions that she no longer suppressed. Edna wants her own identity apart from her husband and kids. The rebelliousness of Edna is an example of her inter conflict. The Awakening is a prime example of a self vs. self conflict. The defiance of society along with wanting to be a good mother and wife was Ednas conflict within in herself. The Awakening took place in the late part of the 1800s during the reign of Queen Victoria. The views of how a woman should carry herself made the mold for this story. Edna is a Creole woman which means that her demeanor is to be elegant and graceful. This role stressed Edna out she had a personality that she needed to let out. In The Awakening Edna didnt feel comfortable around other women because she didnt except the role of the house wife. She wanted to be an individual , she didnt want to be the typical Victorian woman. Sometimes Edna would weep about the roles in her life that would often overwhelm her into depression. Edna Pontellier had a interesting view on motherhood that most other mothers didnt share. The view Edna had on having children was that it didnt fit her fate. An example of this when Leon , Ednas husband informed her that one of her sons Raoul had a fever. Its instinctive for a mother to check on her children when theyre sick, but this isnt so for Edna. Leonce had to practically make her get up and check on Raoul. Mothers u ...

Stress Implications for College Students Research Paper

Stress Implications for College Students - Research Paper Example However, this generation has adopted certain ineffective and unconstructive methods to overcome stress and consequently stays more troubled (Bland et al. 362). As a result of majority of students being troubled and stressed out, it raises concern as to what underlying root sources are involved and what solutions shall work best to combat these causes. I believe that the college students of this generation suffer largely from stress because of financial issues, transitional difficulties and technicalities of burdensome study courses. Therefore, after conducting comprehensive research and studying various pieces of literature, this paper has been prepared to identify and analyze most common and major reasons that have exposed college students to stress and anxiety. Masses around the globe have suffered from recessionary downfall and inflationary pressures. Inflation has caused an increase in costs of living and competition, resulting in stressful circumstances for students joining coll ege. The added expenditure of tuition fees, purchase of books and other supplementary necessities covers a substantial proportion of any household income. Consequently, families suffer from liquidity difficulties and students get tensed about their financial burdens being borne by their caretakers. Moreover, if students approach the college trust for financial aid, then it creates a stressful burden of liability that must be eventually repaid and settled by them. In fact, â€Å"62% of students say that over the past three months financial worries have had some/a lot of impact on the stress the experience in their daily life† (MtvU 2). Students, who are already facing increased expectations and demands for academic performances from their families and mentors, also have to go through additional stressful factors pertaining to college studies, including regular tuition fees, study material expenses, hostel or alternate residing arrangements, traveling and entertainment expenses and other miscellaneous outflows that come part and parcel with college life (May & Stephen 264).  

Growth and Development of Global Economy - Economics Essay

Growth and Development of Global Economy - Economics - Essay Example On the contrary, they are stuck in the vicious cycle due to the US subsidies which crowds the efficient producer’s market, since without subsidies the US cotton production would not be economical. The US government harms the poorer nations through subsidizing their own domestic cotton production more than it helps them through foreign aid, as proved by statistical data in The Oxfam Briefing Paper (Oxfam International, 2004, pages 1-40). The subsidies does not only affect the Balance of Payments, but has a trigger down effect, it lowers the income of farmers, thus reducing the income available for expenditure, further strengthening the economic crisis by lowering aggregate demand, the multiplier sets into a negative action, and poverty sets in, thus making West African nations vulnerable to US cotton subsidies, furthermore in accordance with Anderson and Valenzuela (Anderson and Valenzuela, 2006, page 19) the usage of Genetically Modified Organism for the cotton production in d eveloping nations would have a greater positive effect than eliminating subsidies completely. However, since it is a time-consuming process to convert every small farm to GM technology, hence from the West African nation’s perspective, the USA should eliminate its cotton subsidies in order to aid the developing nations in coming out of the economic crisis and poverty situation. The US political policies focus on hardcore protectionism with regards to the cotton market; the subsidies are unfair and distort the free trade system. According to the multiplier effect, protectionism in the cotton industry also leads to indirect help of US domestic textile and apparels industry, as presented in The Oxfam Briefing Paper. However, these subsidies focus on helping only the larger farms, despite publicizing otherwise, since 67% of the US farms are ineligible to attain the subsidy benefits, and it is generally the top 10%

American Foreign Policy in a New Era Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 23

American Foreign Policy in a New Era - Coursework Example Realism approach was dominant theoretically during the cold war. Realism portrays international affairs as the pursuit for power among self-centred states that is a cynical representation of prospects that mitigate war and conflict (Jervis, 2005). Realism approach was dominant during the cold war since it offered powerful and easy definitions of imperialism, alliances, war and other international events. Realism adopted a consistent competition analysis that was fundamental in the American-Soviet conflict. Challenges to realism originated from liberal theories. Liberalism argued that interdependence on the economy discouraged nations from using force because warfare threatens prosperity of all sides (Jervis, 2005). The other school of thought argued that the manifest democracy derived peace across the world based on the claim that democratic states were peaceful compared to authoritarian states. The third school of thought believed that international institutions could encourage nations to forego gains that were greater than cooperation (Jervis, 2005). While liberalism and realism focused on factors that led to material growth such as trade and power, constructivist approach concentrated on the effect of ideas (Jervis, 2005). Constructivist theories do not assume that states seek survival only. Ideally, these theories argue that states are a product that is malleable for historic and specific processes. The approach pays more attention on the root course of a change compared to liberalism and realism.

Corporate Financial Analysis Of Pfizer Finance Essay

Corporate Financial Analysis Of Pfizer Finance Essay Pfizer, is the worlds largest research-based pharmaceutical company, founded in 1849. The company is headquartered in Midtown Manhattan, New York, with its research headquarters in Groton, Connecticut. Ian Read is the president and CEO of Pfizer. And other important officers are these following people. (Table 1) The Company manages its operations through five segments: Primary Care; Specialty Care and Oncology; Established Products and Emerging Markets; Animal Health and Consumer Healthcare, and Nutrition. The Companys diversified global healthcare portfolio includes human and animal biologic, small molecule medicines and vaccines, as well as nutritional and consumer healthcare products. Pfizer produces many house hold famous medicine like Lipitor, Viagra and Celebrex. Pfizer has 103,700 employees and in No. 81 of Carbon Disclosure Rating. And here are some important data. (Table 2)In the highly competitive pharmaceutical industry, Pfizer has these main competitors: Ankur Drugs and Pharma Ltd. and Bayer. 1.2 Analyst Coverage 1.2.1 Analyst Opinion This table (1.1) shows the analyst opinion to recommendation trends. We can see strong buy and buy both have a high score while the other three have a very low score. It suggests that investors to buy this stock but do not suggest long-term hold. 1.2. 2 Analyst Estimate Here these two tables show the analyst estimate on Pfizer. They are just a part of the analyst estimate. Earnings history (1.2) shows that the difference between EPS Estimate and EPS actual is very small. So the estimate was quite accurate. 1.2.3 Price Target Summary The recent stock price of PFE is about $22.56. This price is a little lower than the price target in table (1.3). It does not mean it is not good. At least this price is higher than its low target. Pfizers stock is not bad and still have chance to perform better. 1.3 Analysis of Pfizers financial statements 1.3.1 Balance Sheet Analysis In general, the total amount of the assets of Pfizer decreased from 212.949 million (in 2009) to 188.002 million (in 2011). This may because Pfizer wanted to give up unattractive investments and focused on its innovation core. Total liabilities decreased continuously. It indicates Pfizers ability of repayment of debt was not bad. Current liabilities decreased 1.98% from 2010 to 2011 and 23.1% from 2009 to 2010. Changes of total liabilities were similar. On stockholders equity, its total number also decreased as the result of its decrease of total assets. Due to the decrease in total assets, the stockholders equity decreased 6.4% from 2011 to 2010 and 2.4% from 2010 to 2009. (Graph 1) We can calculate Debt-Equity Ratio, Current Ratio, and Quick Ratio in 3 years. (Table 3) As we can see from the table 1, Pfizers financial situation in 2011 was not bad. 1.3.2 Income Statement Analysis In 2011, total revenue was 67.425 million, a 0.54% increase over 2010 and a 36.85% increase over 2009. Operating income in 2011 was 12.762 million and net income was 10.009 million, both of them increased. Gross profit was not very obvious but we can find a sharp increase from 2009 to 2010. (Graph 2) In 2011, ratio of gross profit and total revenue was 77.63%. Operating expenses of total revenue proportion in three years were around 60%. It shows Pfizers ability of controlling in operating expenses was better in 2010 and 2009. (Table 4) Graph 3 shows that changes in gross margin, operating margin, net profit margin, ROA and ROE. The companys operating conditions were very stable. (Graph 3) 1.3.3 Cash Flow Analysis Here is a table shows that three years cash flows of three kinds of activities. (Table 3) In 2009, cash flows from operating activities were 16.587 million and in 2010. If investing activities cant bring enough money to make up cash outflows, cash flows from investing activities would be negative. In 2011, Pfizers cash flows from investing activities were 2.2 million. Pfizers investments were effective and they created a positive cash flow and can create profit. (Table 4) Generally speaking, the larger the cash flows from financing activities the more pressure of debt the company will be faced with. We can see in 2010 and 2011, Pfizers was under huge pressure. All in all, Pfizer has a good financial situation. 1.4 Summary of Pfizers Challenges 2011 was generally a good year for Pfizer, Inc. Revenues increased 1%, Net income also had significant gains. However, the company still faces diverse challenges from many aspects, which can have a long term impact on Pfizers performance. U.S. Healthcare Legislation Enacted Since 2010 It brought two negative influences: 1. A $648 million reduction to Revenues, related to higher, extended and expanded rebate provisions and the Medicare coverage gap discount provision. 2. An extra $248 million expense in informational, sales and administrative, related to the fee payable charged by the federal government. Loss of Expiration of Intellectual Property Rights It can be an adverse factor and decline total revenues. When the patent protection has expired, Pfizer loses exclusivity on these products and generic pharmaceutical manufacturers can produce similar products and sell them for a lower price. Problems in Productivity and Regulatory Environment Pfizer devoted significant resources to research and development; these activities involve a high risk and may take many years to transfer research achievements into products. Besides, there is no assurance that the development of any particular product will achieve desired clinical success, be approved by regulators and commercially. If Pfizer failed, sunk costs lost, which can be a huge loss. 1.4.4 Pfizer is Under Pressures of Pricing and Access Governments, healthcare organizations and other payer groups implement price controls and require price cuts in order to pay less in purchasing Pfizers products. There were government regulated price reductions for certain products beginning in 2011. Whats more, health insurance and social welfare plans continue to limit access to some of Pfizers medicines by setting restrictions in the increased use of generics. 1.4.5 Challenges from Poor Macroeconomic Environment We believe that with high unemployment rate and increases in co-pays, patients tend to buy generics, delay treatments, skip doses or use less effective treatments to reduce costs. During 2011, portions of the revenues are exposed to fluctuations in foreign exchange rate. Pfizer need to seek appropriate management in foreign exchange rate risk as it operates in multiple foreign currencies 2. Stock Price Analysis 2.1 Track Pfizers Stock Price in the Last 3 Years 2.1.1 2009(Graph 4) We can find that the stock price continued going down from Jan. to Mar. However, it went up until the end of the year. Stock price in Mar is the lowest all the year and the stock price at the beginning of the year and the end of the year are almost the highest. The highest is nearly $19, and the lowest is less than $12. 2.1.2 2010(Graph 5) The chart show us that the stock price in 2010. Generally speaking, the stock price went down from Jan to Jul. We can see the stock price in Jul is the lowest number throughout the year, and it was 14.14 dollars per unit. After Jul, the stock price gradually rose. But between Aug and Sep, the stock price experienced a decline within a narrow range. This circumstance also happened between Nov and Dec. The highest price occurred in Jan, and it was 20.00 dollars per unit. 2.1.3 2011(Graph 6) It seems that the chart of 2011 was a little complex. From Jan to Jun the general momentum of the stock price was up though a few small declines. From Jun to Aug, the number experienced a decline by a large margin after Aug, the statistics generally rose up though some declines. The highest price was 21.83 dollar per unit in Dec, and the lowest price was in Aug, and the number was 16.66 dollar per unit. 2.2 Calculate Stock Price of the Company To calculate the stock price of the company, I will use the formula EPSÃÆ'-P/E=P. EPS=NI/ SO. I will calculate the stock price of the company in 2012. (Graph 7) 1. Highest and lowest PE Ratio in 2009 are 14.79 and 11.45, so the average ratio is 13.12. 2. The 2 ratios in 2010 are 23.52 and 13.58, so the average is 18.55. 3. The 2 ratios in 2011 are 19.34 and 12.28, so the average ratio is 15.81. (Graph 8) The EPS in 2009, 2010 and 2011 are 1.235, 1.205, 1.255. According to P=EPSÃÆ'-P/E, stock price in 2009, 2010, 2011 are 16.20 ¼Ã…’22.35 ¼Ã…’19.84. 2.3 Assessment of the Current Stock Price According to the Income statement, PFE has earnings per share of 1.27, the average P/E is $17.81, estimate a value of PFE using P/E as a valuation multiple. Thus, P=$1.27*17.80=$22.6060B It assumes that PFE will have similar future risk. Assuming NVS is comparable to PFE in term of its underlying business NVS has earnings per share of $3.55, the average P/E is $15.39, under the same assumption, P=$3.55*15.39=$54.6345B. Compare to the two major competitors, PFE share price is relatively low. According to Income Statement, PFE has EBITDA of $27.56B and has an enterprise value to EBITDA multiple of $6.71, shares outstanding of 7.54B and debt of $38.96B Enterprise value would be V=$27.56B*6.71=$184.9276, estimate PFEs share price: P=(184.9276-38.96)/7.54=$19.2361. As this estimation is based on enterprise value, it is more reliable than the first one. It is overvalued obviously when its stock price being $22.66 per share. Similarly, NVS has EBITDA of $17.05, enterprise value to EBITDA multiple of 8.81, shares outstanding of $2.42 and debt of $24.59. NVS share price would be: P=(17.05*8.81-24.59)/2.42=$51.9093 As Comparables only provide information regarding the value of a firm relative to other firms in the comparison set, using multiples will not help us determine if an entire industry is overvalued. According to the research, PFE share price is much less than NVS, I would suggest that PFE is relatively less deserving investment. According to the Balance Sheet, dividend paid is $6.234. , it is easy to get the dividend paid annually: Div=$6.234/7.54=$0.8268 The share price is $22.66, suppose investors hope the constant dividend growth model would based on a 4% growth rate, we would estimate a stock price of P=0.8268/(0.4811-0.04)=$1.8744 We can calculate the growth rate: g=r-Div/P=0.4811-o.8268/22.66=1.16%. Investors would feel disappointed if invest in PFE as the growth rate is relative lower than he/her expectations. 2.4 Value of Pfizers Stock Price Compared with Competitors From statistics online, we can know that the 52week range of Pfizer is 16.63-23.3, Roches is 115.1-169.2, and Eli Lilys is 33.75-42.03. Obviously, the stock price of Roche changes the most, the changed absolute amount of 54.1. A risk lover may prefer this kind of stock because it can change by a larger scale, and if we can seek this opportunity well, huge profits can be achieved. Compared with Roche, Pfizer stock has a large advantage. The change scope of Pfizer stock is not big, which indicates that it is relatively stable, and a risk-averse may prefer this kind stock. The perceived benefit of any gain is outweighed by the perceived cost of an equivalent loss. Most people are risk-averse, so Pfizer stock has an excellent competitive advantage and suitable to hold for a long time. Besides, to compare the value of the stock price, analyzing the P/E ratio is the most traditional method. Pfizer earned $1.24 per share last year and the stock is trading at 22.38, so the stock has a P/E ratio of approximately 18.05-to-1.Similarly, the P/E ratio of Roche is 15.04, the P/E ratio of Eli Lily and Company is 10.7. Generally, the lower the P/E ratio, the better value the stock represents. Thus, in this case Pfizer is less competitive than his competitor, Roche and Eli Lily and Company. 2.5 Beta of Pfizer and Comparison with Its Competitors The beta of Pfizer is 0.64, the beta of Roche is 0.66, and the beta of Eli Lily and Company is 0.37. Beta is a risk index, can be used to measure fluctuation of one stock price relative to the whole stock market. The bigger the absolute amount, the larger the change of profit .The stock of Pfizer and its competitors, Roche and Eli Lily and Company, all can be regarded as low risk stocks. 3. Summary 3.1 Major Developments of Pfizer during 1Q of 2012 During the 1st quarter of 2012, Pfizers revenues were $15.4 billion, a decline of 7% compared with $16.5 billion in the year-ago quarter and the unfavorable impact of foreign exchange of $57 million, or less than 1%. Established products unit revenues increased 17% in comparison with prior year period, obviously driven by recent launches of generic versions of some products. Revenues of Lipitor were $383 million, which made a great contribution to the company. In addition, revenues were positively influenced by the entry of multi-source generic competition in the U.S. Emerging markets unit revenues grew 9% due to continued demand growth in China, Russia and Mexico. In animal health unit, revenues increased 6%, primarily due to the purchase of King Pharmaceuticals. Nutrition unit revenues gained 8%, created by making benefits from the launch of successful new products, increased marketing activities and overall strength in emerging markets, especially China. Pfizers first-quarter 2012 financial performance is pleased; however, it still faces fierce competition from other companies. Pfizer need to focus its problems in exclusivity and financial management. 3.2 Summary of All We Have Learnt About Pfizer Pfizer is better than others. It could be name recognition, innovation, market share or any other attributes that makes a company stand out from the herd. From what has been discussed, we may draw the conclusion that there are three ideas to contribute the success of Pfizer. Innovation creates success and being innovative in your business is one of the keys to being successful. Innovation is the introduction of new processes, new ways of doing things and revolutionizing how things have been accomplished previously. The most surprising thing is Pfizer cannot research an influential drug independently in the past 10 years of 20 century. Although it invested huge amount of money in R D, it seems more like a marketing company. Throughout Pfizers development in recent years, its success can be summed up that use the advantage of large-scale and well-capitalized to strengthen the ability in value chain in marketing. Through buying mature technology, products and combination new companies, building alliance with competitors to consolidate its market share. Giving full play to the enthusiasm of its medical representatives, integrating the advantages of its marketing network, and enhancing core competitiveness, thus achieve a leading position in the industry. In conclusion, Pfizer is a rare example of successful combination of R D and marketing strategies in international pharmaceutical companies. 3.3 Should We Buy Pfizers Stock or Not Pfizer has a good ability in finance, improved control in operation. For big investors, I would recommend Pfizer, which requires low risk, stable growing dividends, and long term return. Despite Pfizer stock price is relative lower than its competitors, big investors can gain large amount of cash by purchasing large amount of shares. However, I will not recommend Pfizer to retail investors. It would not be wise to invest in a company which may take years to transfer research investments into product profits. Higher return indicates higher risk; it would be too risky for retail investors to take the gamble. Quick money never stays too long. Appendices Table 1: Table 2: Table 3: 2011 2010 2009 Debt-Equity Ratio 0.563 0.550 0.577 Current Ratio 2.057 2.131 1.657 Quick Ratio 1.780 1.842 1.323 Table 4: 2011 2010 2009 Operating activities 20,240,000 11,454,000 16,587,000 Investing activities 2,200,000 (492,000) (31,272,000) Financing activities (20,607,000) (11,174,000) 14,481,000 Graph 1: Graph 2: Graph 3: Graph 4: Graph 5: Graph 6: Graph 7: Graph 8: Tables: (1.1) (1.2) (1.3)

Pfizer Case Study :: Business Strategy Management Analysis

Pfizer Case Study Pfizer Inc. is a large pharmaceutical company that engages in the discovery of new technologies, the manufacture of prescription and "over the counter" (OTC) medicines, as well as the marketing of such products. It operates in three distinct segments that include Human Health, Consumer Healthcare, and Animal Health. For fiscal year 2004, the company generated approximately $53 billion in revenue that contributed to over $11 billion in net income.(Pfizer, 2004) The Cow and Calf division of the Animal Health segment markets its products direct to cattle ranchers. Such products include vaccines, medications, and antibiotics to support healthy and consistent herds of beef producing cattle. It segmented the market into three distinct categories. Hobbyists herd less than 100 cows; Traditionalists commonly carry between 100 to 499, and Businesses are working with 500 or more. (Mohr, 1999) Time spent in the field with the ranchers was allocated based on the volume of product purchased by each individual. Those that spent higher dollar amounts received the most attention (in the form of personal visits, seminar offerings, and trial product samples). Although the ranchers appreciate the visits and the personal attention from the sales representatives they trust their veterinarians opinion over everyone else. Pfizer has traditionally used two distribution channels for its Animal Health products: Veterinarian Offices and Feed Stores. It has also tended to view the rancher as the end user of its product, but due to the size segmentation it may or may not understand each individual customers need, nor does it grasp its role in the larger supply chain (Ranchers-Feed Lots-Meat Packers-Retail-Consumers). At the time of the case, the beef industry was in a state of decline. Increasing consumer sentiment towards the negative health effects of red meat timed with increasing inventories of product supplied from Canada and Mexico as a result of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) had caused prices in the consumer market to plummet. (Mohr, 1999) As a result, ranchers were seeing that their finished product was commanding lesser dollar values while their inputs of feed and medication was remaining the same or rising. Another factor contributing to the shrinking profit margins of beef producers was the overall consistency and quality of the meat. Products such as pork and chicken were beginning to be packaged by Tyson and Perdue as ready to eat meals (Mohr, 1999).

Writing a Formal Letter/Example

Dear Mr. Patel, According to your interview, we understand that you are strictly against the usage of cellphones despite the fact that there are many good reasons to use them . I wanted to say that I both agree and disagree with your opinions at different points. At the beggining of the interview, you mentioned people’s attention was taken away from the substantial things in life and also claimed that the dissapointment of not recieving any texts made them upset or rather neurotic.Afterwards continued with remarking cellphones are somewhat compelling and said they threaten our lifes if used whilst driving. Also pointed out the common puctuation error which children make because of the language they use when they write a text and said there were distractions in classes and alleged the use of cellphones as a reason. You told the interviewer cellphones assaulted one’s privacy and solitude and people looked silly whilst talking with cellphones then declared that you would r ather be without a cellphone.The interviewer stated some opinions of his, converse to your opinions. Disagreeing with the opinions againt the usage of cellphones, he affirmed that it was essential four communicating with one’s children and informing people if one’s car broke down or is going to delay. He added there were not many telephone land lines in some places such as Africa, which made cellphones useful. Then ended his words with saying cellphones have a great role in solving crime.Whilst I agree with half of your opinions such as texting and driving threatens lifes and they ruin our peace and solitude, I do not agree with you on your opinions of children distraction. Although most of the children use cellphone, not all of them are distracted or making punctuation mistakes. Before being this prejudiced about cellphones, please consider the advantages of them. It might be the best to try reduce the usage without utterly rejecting them. Yours sincerely Related essay: â€Å"Co Curricular Activities Letter†

Answer 2 Questions Example

Answer 2 Questions Example Answer 2 Questions – Coursework Example Case Study: JC Penny’s Corporation, Inc. Case Study: JC Penny’s Corporation, Inc. The key or fundamental change that took place in the JC Penny’s Corporation, Inc. was the culture of management. Before its new leadership, it is reported that the organization had a rigid and streamlined or formal form of leadership. However, with new leadership of Myron E. Ullman the chairman and the CEO, Allen Questrom, and Vanessa Castagna, the company witnessed dramatic changes in its leadership with informal but respectful communication among all employed. This nature of relationship among the workers of the company changes the mode of work by easing the working environment of all employees; thus, increasing their productivity (Purkayastha, 2007; Pg. 03). Additionally, according to Ullman, that rigid culture and mood was never conducive for the company to achieve its organizational plans and object; therefore, he found it necessary to change it. He also noted that such changes will run down the ladder to the interaction and relation to the customer (Purkayastha, 2007; Pg. 10); thus, increasing the productivity of the organization. During this period of effective cultural change in the JC Penny Corporation, Inc., Ullman and his team applied numerous Johnson and Scholes cultural web models in the organizational management (Cadle, Paul, and Turner, 2010; pg. 183). Among other Johnson and Scholes cultural web principles that they applied include the stories. This new leadership realized that stories told within and outside the organization regarding the organization are vital in the growth and development of the organization and they achieved this by changing the perception of the employee about the organization (Cadle, Paul, and Turner, 2010; pg. 195). Additionally, they applied the rituals and routines whereby they changed the daily actions and behaviors that employed were subjected; these added values to the management. ReferencesCADLE, J., PAUL, D., & TU RNER, P. (2010).  Business analysis techniques: 72 essential tools for success. London, British Computer Society.PURKAYASTHA D. (2007). ICMR Center for Management Research. Remaking JC Penney’s Organization Culture. Retirved December 2, 2013, from academia-research.com/filecache/instr/4/0/929816_407-057-1.pdf

Thucydides - When War Comes essays

Thucydides - When War Comes essays In Thucydides History of the Peloponnesian War, war brings along with many negative elements for a society. These negative effects are seen very clearly in Athens during the Plague and in Corcyra during the civil war. Lawlessness, dissipation of religion and acts of treason are among these effects that are seen by Thucydides in his accounts. He tries to inform his reader on the horrifying effects that a war has on a society, and does so clearly using Athens and Corcyra in their times of desperation. As the great power of Athens was subjected to the plague, Athenians inside as well as outside the walls surrounding the city began to lose hope. Although perhaps they were content about this at first, for the day the plague broke out the Spartans retreated under the command of King Archidamus. But this notion of content is quickly dismissed as the severity of the plague increases rapidly. Thucydides uses the plague as a metaphor for war, it shows up usually out of no where and worsens with time. While the plague lowered the enthusiasm the Athenians had built up during Pericles funeral oration, the war brings down people in the form of their lives. Thucydides uses the plague as a perfect example because its effects are so similar to that of a war, and because while the plague is taking place, Athens is at war with Sparta. People change completely, their attitudes and their faith. Long-term thinking is abolished and short-term thinking is brought about. No longer are the Ath enians worried about their future, and how they will and can prosper later on in life, they are only concerned with this very moment. What can they do now, that will help them now. Just as in war, the citizens of Athens need to find someone to blame all these atrocious events on, and who better than Pericles. After all, he was the one that got the Athenians into this mess in the first place, wasnt he? Th ...

Research Methods Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Methods - Research Proposal Example In order to decide about using composite or summated scale score for each question in the survey developed, it can be affirmed that the summated scale score can be used for the initial three questions. This might be owing to the reason that the results acquired from these questions will be quite limited and tends to be interrelated with one another. Though these three questions can be segregated into close-ended one, the summated scale score can be used in place of composite scale score. It is worth mentioning that the fourth and fifth questions are open-ended. It is projected that the answers or the responses of these questions will vary based on individual perspectives. Thus, the notion of composite scale score can be used in this situation. Specially mentioning, one of the functions of composite scale score scale can be ascertained as dealing with multiple data. Thus, for the questions ranging from 4-10, the applicability of composite scale score is justified (Spector, 2013). The reliability, validity along with sensitivity are often regarded as the key tools of measuring varied sorts of errors that occur while conducting a survey. The notion of reliability mainly refers to the consistency or the dependability of the respondents towards research variables. Thus, it can be measured by evaluating the results of the research. The idea of validity mainly reflects the expected results of the research. With this concern, the validity can be measured by determining the effectiveness and most vitally the viability of the research results or responses. Finally, the perception of sensitivity denotes assessing the fractions of all the possibilities related to the completion of a particular research. It is in this circumstance the sensitivity can be duly measured in the form of ascertaining the information obtained from the respondents and appropriate interpretation of such data or information (Fayers & Machin, 2002). It is quite

Solidarity and Soviet Declaration of Martial Law in Poland Essay

Solidarity and Soviet Declaration of Martial Law in Poland - Essay Example Terrorists are freedom fighters, repressive governments become saviours, and right becomes wrong in the semantic battle. The implementation of martial law in Poland was a move made by the government to preempt a strike by the independent trade union Solidarity, a strike which would cripple many facets of life in the country and effectively tip the balance of power in the favour of the trade union and other anti- governmental organizations. The basic facts as given above were subjected to vastly opposing interpretations by the Soviet Union and America. While the Americans upheld the right of the trade union workers to rebel against an oppressive and incompetent government, the Soviets condemned the â€Å"subversive† and anti- Polish activities of the group. The Americans look at the struggle as a freedom fight, as a heroic struggle against the unjust. This is immediately evident from the tone of the articles written in the New York Times. Drew Middleton’s article1for example justifies Solidarity’s strikes and bid for power by comparing the events of the time to the history of Poland’s struggle against Russia. He follows the story of Polish insurrections against Czarist rule, emphasizing the brutality of their control over the Poles, using phrases like â€Å"†¦.when he crushed the Polish insurrection of 1830†¦Ã¢â‚¬  when describing the Czar Nicholas the First’s reign. He goes on to impress upon the reader the terrible nature of Russian governance – He builds up a picture of the subjugation of Poland by Russia in the 19th century, from an analysts point of view, implying the parallel with current (i.e. 1981-82) Communist governance. He clearly sees the Polish Solidarity workers as heroes and valiant fighters against injustice; phrases like â€Å"as regularly as the tides, Polish resistance to Russian domination has been reborn and has flourished† clearly point to his comparison between Imperial Russia and